From a dotnet/core/sdk devcontainer (using VSCode Remote Containers), debug a .NET Core app running in a kubernetes cluster hosted on another vm of my host machine.
I put this problem aside for a week, and over that time the host has been rebooted multiple times, but no further modifications were made to the networking, Hyper-V setup, etc.
Starting the Ubuntu VM today, the IP changed from what used to be 172.?.?.? to 192.168.92.x . I do not know what caused this change.
Now, Docker Desktop containers can ping the Ubuntu VM and curl the microk8s /api endpoint. Until such a time that I can reproduce the issue, I will mark this question as "solved" and reopen and try Nick's recommended solution if the issue returns.